Question

Sol. Key concept: Chiropterophily means pollination by bats; ornithophily means pollination by birds.

Bat-pollinated flowers commonly offer abundant nectar, are accessible to visiting bats and may open at night. Sausage tree (Kigelia) is a documented bat-pollination example. Coral tree (Erythrina) is conventionally given as a bird-pollination example.

The IAPT final key selects (c) and (d). However, this question cannot be given an unqualified biological explanation solely by assigning each common name to one exclusive pollinator group.

Correction / clarification: Field research on silk cotton, Bombax ceiba, documents pollination by bats as well as birds and bees, not merely bat visits. Therefore the claim that it does not show chiropterophily is not generally correct, and selection d is scientifically disputed. [R8]

Correction / clarification: Kadamb also needs care: published work on Neolamarckia cadamba describes insect-mediated pollination, while bats can disperse its seeds by eating fruit. Seed dispersal is not evidence of bat pollination. Thus the earlier blanket description of kadamb as bat-pollinated is removed. Keep (c, d) only as the official scoring answer; the biological interpretation requires species-specific evidence. [R9]