Question

Sol.(d) [Key Concept: Hardy–Weinberg Disturbed — Non-random Mating] A population will not exist in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if individuals mate selectively (non-random mating). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires: large population, no mutation, no migration (gene flow), no natural selection, and random mating. Selective (non-random) mating disrupts the equilibrium by changing genotype frequencies (though not allele frequencies directly).